Linux下的时间

时钟

  • 硬件时钟

    • RTC(real time clock),记录wall clock time,硬件对应到/dev/rtc设备文件,读取设备文件可得到硬件时间
    • 读取方式
      • 通过ioctl
        #include <linux/rtc.h>
        int ioctl(fd, RTC_request, param);
        
      • hwclock命令
    • 通常内核在boot以及从低电量中恢复时,会读取RTC更新system time
  • 软件时钟

    • HZ and jiffies, 由内核维护,对于PC通常HZ配置为 1s / 10ms = 100
    • 精度影响select等依赖timeout的系统调用
    • HRT(high-resolution timers). Linux 2.6.21开始,内核支持高精度定时器,不受内核jiffy限制,可以达到硬件时钟的精度。
  • 外部时钟

    • 从网络ntp,原子钟等同步

时间

  • 时间类别

    • wall clock time => 硬件时间
    • real time => 从某个时间点(比如Epoch)开始的系统时间
    • sys and user time => 通常指程序在内核态和用户态花的时间
  • 时间的表示

    • time_t 从Epoch开始的秒数

    • calendar time 字符串

    • 拆分时间 struct tm

      struct tm {
        int tm_sec;         /* seconds */
        int tm_min;         /* minutes */
        int tm_hour;        /* hours */
        int tm_mday;        /* day of the month */
        int tm_mon;         /* month */
        int tm_year;        /* year */
        int tm_wday;        /* day of the week */
        int tm_yday;        /* day in the year */
        int tm_isdst;       /* daylight saving time */
      };
      
    • struct timeval/struct timespec

    struct timeval {
      time_t seconds;
      suseconds_t useconds;
    }
    
    struct timespec {
      time_t   tv_sec;        /* seconds */
      long     tv_nsec;       /* nanoseconds */
    };
    

系统时间的操作

#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

// number of seconds since epoch
time_t time(time_t *t) 

//参数time_t*
char *ctime(const time_t *timep);
char *ctime_r(const time_t *timep, char *buf);

struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timep);
struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);

struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timep);
struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);

//参数struct tm*
char *asctime(const struct tm *tm);
char *asctime_r(const struct tm *tm, char *buf);
time_t mktime(struct tm *tm);


int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz);//如果系统时间调整了会影响
int clock_gettime(clockid_t clk_id, struct timespec *tp);

//将tm按照format处理后放到s
size_t strftime(char *s, size_t max, const char *format, const struct tm *tm);

//将字符串时间s按照format格式化后放入tm
char *strptime(const char *s, const char *format, struct tm *tm);


定时器

  • sleep
unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds);
  • usleep
int usleep(useconds_t usec);
  • nanosleep
int nanosleep(const struct timespec *req, struct timespec *rem);
  • alarm
// SIGALARM after seconds
unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds);
  • timer_create
int timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *sevp, timer_t *timerid);
  • setitimer and timerfd_create + select/poll/epoll
int timerfd_create(int clockid, int flags);
  • select
// struct timeval可以精确到微秒(如果硬件有高精度时钟支持)
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
                  fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
// struct timespec可以精确到纳秒,但是pselect下次无法修改timeout 
int pselect(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
                   fd_set *exceptfds, const struct timespec *timeout,
                   const sigset_t *sigmask);

// 一般能提供周期,延时,时间点触发,但核心还是时间点触发的timer
// 1.call_period => 触发一次重新注册call_at
// 2.call_later => 转换为call_at 
// 3.call_at => 时间点触发的timer可以用一个优先级队列保存

  • poll
// timeout最小单位ms,并且rounded up to系统时钟的精度
int poll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout);
// 注意timespec会被转换成ms
int ppoll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds,
               const struct timespec *timeout_ts, const sigset_t *sigmask);
  • epoll
// timeout最小单位ms,并且rounded up to系统时钟的精度
int epoll_wait(int epfd, struct epoll_event *events,
                      int maxevents, int timeout);
int epoll_pwait(int epfd, struct epoll_event *events,
                      int maxevents, int timeout,
                      const sigset_t *sigmask);
  • eventfd + select/poll/epoll

一个fd可同时负责读接受事件通知和写触发事件通知

  • signaled + select/poll/epoll

借助alarm/setitimer/timer_create等触发的SIGALARM,通过signalfd传递到多路复用中

  • pipe + select/poll/epoll

一端另起线程定时触发,另一端放到多路复用中

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